UNIVAC

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The American company UNIVAC began as the "business" computer division of Remington Rand formed by the purchase of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1950. (EMCC was the company founded by, and named after, the two inventors/architects of the ENIAC.) UNIVAC is an acronym, standing for UNIVersal Automatic Computer.

1 History and structure
2 Models
3 Operating Systems and the Romance of the Machine
4 See also
5 External links

History and structure

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UNIVAC® Sperry Rand label

John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly built the ENIAC computer (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) at the Moore School of Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Then, to reserve any future patent rights for themselves, they formed the Electronic Computer Corporation. That company first built a computer called BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) for Northrop Aviation (which was little used, or perhaps not at all). Afterwards began the development of UNIVAC. UNIVAC was first intended for the Bureau of the Census, which paid for much of the development, and then was put in production. The Electronic Computer Corp. was first a subsidiary of American Totalizator, which made horse race track tote boards. However, due to managemnt changes at American Tote, ECC was sold to Remington-Rand. Rem-Rand had its own lab in Norwalk, CT, and later bought Engineering Research Associates in St. Paul, Minnesota. Remington-Rand merged these groups, calling the result the Univac Division of Remington-Rand.

The most famous UNIVAC product was the UNIVAC I mainframe computer of 1951, which become known for predicting the outcome of the U.S. presidential election the following year.

In 1953 or 1954 Remington Rand merged their tabulating machine division in Norwalk, Connecticut, the Engineering Research Associates "scientific" computer division, and the UNIVAC "business" computer division into a single division under the UNIVAC name.

In 1955 Remington Rand merged with Sperry Corporation to become Sperry Rand. The UNIVAC division of Remington Rand was renamed Sperry UNIVAC. General Douglas MacArthur was chosen to head the company.

UNIVAC was one of the eight major computer companies (with IBM - the largest, Burroughs, Scientific Data Systems, Control Data Corporation, General Electric, RCA and Honeywell) through most of the 1960s.

In 1978 Sperry Rand, an old fashioned conglomerate of disharmonious divisions (computers, typewriters, office furniture, hay balers, manure spreaders, gyroscopes, avionics, radar, electric razors), decided to concentrate on its computing interests and unrelated divisions were sold. The company dropped the Rand from its title and reverted back to Sperry Corporation.

In 1986, Sperry Corporation merged with Burroughs Corporation to become Unisys.

Since the 1986 marriage of Burroughs and Sperry, Unisys has metamorphosed from a computer manufacturer to a computer services and outsourcing firm, competing in the same marketplace as IBM, Electronic Data Systems (EDS), and Computer Sciences Corporation.

Unisys continues to design and manufacture proprietary, mainframe-class computers and associated software.

Models

The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer made in the United States.

The UNIVAC II was an improvement to the UNIVAC I that UNIVAC first delivered in 1958. The improvements included core memory of 2000 to 10000 words, UNISERVO II tape drives which could use either the old UNIVAC I metal tapes or the new mylar tapes, and some of the circuits were transistorized (although it was still a vacuum tube computer). It was fully compatible with existing UNIVAC I programs for both code and data. The UNIVAC II also added some instructions to the UNIVAC I's instruction set.

UNIVAC III successor to the UNIVAC I and II models. Sperry Rand began shipment in 1962 and produced 96 UNIVAC III systems. Unlike the UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II, however, it was a binary machine as well as maintaining support for all UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II decimal and alphanumeric data formats for backward compatibility.

Remington Rand 409 was a plug-board programmed punch card calculator, designed in 1949.

The UNIVAC 418 was an 18-bit word core memory machine. Over the three different models, more than 392 systems were manufactured.

The UNIVAC 490 was a 30-bit word core memory machine with 16K or 32K words; 4.8 microsecond cycle time.

The UNIVAC 492 is similar to the UNIVAC 490, but with extended memory to 64K 30-bit words.

The UNIVAC 494 was a 30-bit word machine and successor to the UNIVAC 490/492 with faster CPU and 131K core memory. Up to 24 I/O channels were available and the system was usually shipped with UNIVAC FH880 or UNIVAC FH432 or FH1782 magnetic drum storage. Basic operating system was OMEGA (successor to REX for the 490) although custom operating systems were also used (e.g. CONTORTS for airline reservations).

The UNIVAC 1004 was a plug-board programmed punch card data processing system, introduced in 1962, by UNIVAC. Total memory was 961 characters (6 bits) of core memory. Peripherals were a card reader (400 cards/minute), a card punch (200 wards/minute) using 90 column round hole cards, and a drum printer (400 lines/minute).

The UNIVAC 1005, an enhanced version of the UNIVAC 1004, was introduced in February 1966. The main improvement over the 1004 was conversion from the plug-board program to an internal stored program. The machine saw extensive use by the US Army, including the first use of an electronic computer on the battlefield. Additional periphals were also available including a paper tape reader and a three pocket stacker selectable card read/punch. It also had a three stage card based compiler for a programming language SARGE.

The UNIVAC 1050 was an internally programmed computer with up to 32K of 6-bit character memory, which was introduced in 1963. It was a 1-address machine with 30-bit instructions and had a 4K operating system.

The UNIVAC 1101, or ERA 1101, was a computer system designed by Engineering Research Associates (ERA) and built by the Remington Rand corporation in the 1950s.

The UNIVAC 1102 or ERA 1102 was designed by Engineering Research Associates for the United States Air Force.

The UNIVAC 1103 was a successor to the UNIVAC 1101 introduced in 1953. An upgraded version UNIVAC 1103A was released in 1956 and was a contemporary of the IBM 704.

The UNIVAC 1104 computer system was a 30-bit version of the UNIVAC 1103 built for Westinghouse Electric, in 1957, for use on the BOMARC Missile Program. However, by the time the BOMARC was deployed in the 1960s, a more modern computer (a version of the AN/USQ-20, designated the G-40) had replaced the UNIVAC 1104.

The UNIVAC 1105 was the successor to the 1103A, and was introduced in 1958.

The UNIVAC 1106 was the third member of Sperry Rand's UNIVAC 1100 series of computers, introduced in December 1969 and was absolutely identical to the UNIVAC 1108 in instruction set. Early versions of the UNIVAC 1106 were simply half speed UNIVAC 1108 systems. Later Sperry Rand used a different memory system which was inherently slower and cheaper than that of the UNIVAC 1108. When Sperry Rand replaced the core memory with semiconductor memory in 1975, the same machine was released as the UNIVAC 1100/10. In this new naming convention, the final digit represented the number of CPUs (called CAUs) in the system. Sperry Rand sold a total of 338 processors in 1106 systems.

The UNIVAC 1107 was the first member of Sperry Rand's UNIVAC 1100 series of computers, introduced in October 1962. Also known as the Thin Film Computer because of its use of thin film memory for its register storage. Only 36 systems were sold.

The UNIVAC 1108 was the second member of Sperry Rand's UNIVAC 1100 series of computers, introduced in 1964. When Sperry Rand replaced the core memory with semiconductor memory in 1975, the same machine was released as the UNIVAC 1100/20. In this new naming convention, the final digit represented the number of CPUs (called CAUs) in the system.

The UNIVAC 1110 was the fourth member of Sperry Rand's UNIVAC 1100 series of computers, introduced in 1972. The UNIVAC 1110 had support for multiprocessing: up to six CPUs. When Sperry Rand replaced the core memory with semiconductor memory in 1975, the same machine was released as the UNIVAC 1100/40. In this new naming convention, the final digit represented the number of CPUs (called CAUs) in the system. Sperry Rand sold a total of 290 processors in 1110 systems.

The UNIVAC 1100/60 was introduced in 1979.

The Sperry UNIVAC System 80 series was introduced in 1981.

The UNIVAC 1100/90 was the top of the range, liquid cooled version of the 1100 series mainframes.

The UNIVAC 1100/2200 series is a series of compatible 36-bit computer systems initially made by Sperry Rand. The series continues to be supported today by Unisys Corporation as the ClearPath IX.

The UNIVAC 9200 replaced the 1004. The printer-processor was one cabinet, the power supply and memory another and the card reader and optional card punch made an 'L' shaped configuration. The system used 'Plated Wire Memory', which functioned somewhat like core memory but used a non-destructive read. Memory was 4k expandable to 16k. The printer was unique as well, using an oscillating-type bar instead of the drums that had been used until this point, and ran at speeds up to 300 lines per minute.

The UNIVAC Solid State was a 2-address, bi-quinary coded decimal computer, with memory on a rotating drum with 5000 signed 10 digit words. It was one of the first computers to use some solid-state components. It came in two versions: the Solid State 80 (IBM-style 80 column cards) and the Solid State 90 (UNIVAC-style 90 column cards).

Operating Systems and the Romance of the Machine

The 1107 was the first 36-bit, word-oriented machine with an architecture close to that which came to be known as that of the "1100 Series." It ran the EXEC II operating system, a batch-oriented second-generation operating system, typical of the early to mid-1960s. The 1108 ran EXEC II and EXEC 8. It was a step up from the 1107 architecturally in that it supported more than one CPU per system and more memory. It had a thread synchronization instruction in some models (those with more than one CPU) and an optional channel extension box called an I/O Controller (IOC). Some models of the 1108 implemented the ability to divide words into 4 – 9-bit bytes, allowing use of ASCII characters. On these systems, EXEC 8 allowed simultaneous handling of real-time applications, time-sharing, and background batch work. TIP, a transaction-processing environment, allowed programs to be written in COBOL whereas similar programs on competing systems were written in assembly language. On later systems, EXEC 8 was renamed OS1100 and OS2200, with modern descendants maintaining backwards compatiblity. Some more exotic operating systems ran on the 1108 -- one of which was RTOS, a more bare-bones system designed to take better advantage of the hardware. The affordable System 80 series of small mainframes ran the OS/3 operating system.