Phishing

From Exampleproblems

In computing, phishing (also known as carding and spoofing) is a form of social engineering, characterised by attempts to fraudulently acquire sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card details, by masquerading as a trustworthy person or business in an apparently official electronic communication, such as an email or an instant message. The term phishing arises from the use of increasingly sophisticated lures to "fish" for users' financial information and passwords.

With the growing number of reported phishing incidents, additional methods of protection have been needed. Attempts include legislation, user training, and technical measures.

History of phishing

The first recorded mention of phishing is on the alt.2600 hacker newsgroup in January 1996, although the term may have appeared even earlier in the printed edition of the hacker newsletter "2600 Magazine". The term phishing was coined by crackers attempting to "fish" for accounts from unsuspecting AOL members; ph is a common hacker replacement for f, and is a nod to an older form of hacking known as "phone phreaking."

Early phishing on AOL

Those who would later phish on AOL during the 1990s originally created accounts on AOL with fake, algorithmically generated credit card numbers — these accounts could last weeks or even months until new ones were required. AOL eventually brought in measures in late 1995 to prevent this, so early AOL crackers resorted to phishing for legitimate AOL accounts.

Phishing on AOL was closely associated with the warez community that exchanged pirated software. A cracker might pose as an AOL staff member and send an instant message to a potential victim, asking the victim to reveal his or her password^[1]. In order to lure the victim into giving up sensitive information the message might include text such as "verify your account" or "confirm billing information". Once the victim had submitted his or her password, the attacker could then access the victim's account and use it for various criminal purposes, such as spamming.

In 1997, AOL's policy enforcement with respect to phishing and warez became stricter and forced pirated software off AOL servers. Around the same time phishing was so prevalent on AOL that AOL added a line on all instant messages stating, "no one working at AOL will ask for your password or billing information", though this did not eliminate phishing. AOL simultaneously developed a system to quickly deactivate any account involved in phishing — booting them offline often before their phishes (a term for the victims of a "phish") could respond. The phishers eventually attempted to get around this problem by moving to AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), since they could not be banned from the AIM server. Both phishing and warezing on AOL generally required custom-written programs, such as the colorfully named AOHell.

The shutting down of the warez scene on AOL caused most phishers to leave the service, and many phishers - often young teens in their heyday - grew out of the habit.

Recent phishing attempts

More recent phishing attempts have started to target the customers of banks and online payment services. While the first such examples were sent indiscriminately in the hope of finding a customer of a given bank or service, recent research has shown that phishers may in principle be able to establish what bank a potential victim has a relationship with, and then send an appropriate spoofed email to this victim^[2]. In general such targeted versions of phishing have been termed spear phishing.

Avoiding and spotting phishing attempts

A user who is contacted about an account needing to be "verified" could either contact the company that is the subject of the email, or could type in a trusted web address for the company's website into the address bar of their browser, to bypass the link in the suspected phishing message. Many companies, including eBay and PayPal, always address their customers by their username in e-mails, so if an e-mail addresses a user in a generic fashion ("Dear valued eBay member") it is likely to be an attempt at phishing.

It is possible to spot some phishing attempts from the make up of links in the message. One method of spoofing links used web addresses containing the @ symbol. For example, the link http://www.google.com@members.tripod.com/ may deceive a casual observer into believing that the link will open a page on www.google.com, whereas the link actually directs the browser to a page on members.tripod.com. This method has since been closed off in the Mozilla^[3] and Internet Explorer^[4] browsers. Misspelled URLs or the use of subdomains are other common tricks used by phishers, such as this example URL, http://www.yourbank.com.example.com/.

In one popular method of phishing, an attacker uses a bank or service's own scripts against the victim. These types of attacks are particularly problematic, because they direct the user to sign in at their bank or service's own web pages, where everything from the web address to the security certificates appears correct. In this attack method (known as Cross Site Scripting) users may receive a message saying that they have to "verify" their account, by following a link to what appears to be an authentic website; in reality, the link is forged, although it is very difficult to spot that the link is crafted to carry out this attack.

A further problem with URLs has been found in the handling of Internationalized domain names (IDN) in web browsers, that might allow visually identical web addresses to lead to different, possibly malicious, websites. Despite the publicity surrounding the flaw, no known phishing attacks have yet taken advantage of it. The issue, reported by the security group Secunia, concerns a vulnerability to IDN spoofing^[5], based on IDN homograph attacks identified by Eric Johanson^[6]. Mozilla developers have argued that ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) should prevent the registration of malicious domain names. The IDN bug was partially fixed in Mozilla and Mozilla Firefox, 24 hours after the bug was publicly announced^[7]. Apple later fixed this flaw in Safari^[8]. Claims that Internet Explorer is safe from this issue may have been misleading; although Internet Explorer has not itself implemented IDN, the Verisign IDN plug-in for Internet Explorer is affected^[9].

Phishing examples

PayPal phishing example

In an example PayPal phish (right), spelling mistakes in the email ("no choise but to temporaly suspend your account"), and the presence of an IP address in the link visible in the tooltip under the yellow box ("Click here to verify your account") are both clues that this is a phishing attempt.

SouthTrust Bank example

In this second example, targeted at SouthTrust Bank users, the phisher has used an image to make it harder for anti-phishing scanners to detect by scanning for text commonly used in phishing emails.

From: SouthTrust <support_id_99583160@southtrust.com>

To: xxxxxx@yyyyy.com.br

Subject: SouthTrust Bank: Important Notification

Date: Thu, 16 Jun 2005 23:56:30 -0200 (22:56 BRT)

Image:Phishing-Email-Image-Bank.gif

An image from a phish targeted at SouthTrust bank customers.

Damage caused by phishing

The damage caused by phishing ranges from loss of access to email to substantial financial loss. This style of identity theft is becoming more popular, because of the ease with which unsuspecting people often divulge personal information to phishers, including credit card numbers and social security numbers. Once this information is acquired, the phishers may use a person's details to create fake accounts in a victim's name, ruin a victim's credit, or even prevent victims from accessing their own accounts.

It is estimated that between May 2004 and May 2005, approximately 1.2 million computer users in the United States suffered losses caused by phishing, totaling approximately $929 million USD. U.S. businesses lose an estimated $2 billion USD a year as their clients become victims.^[10] The United Kingdom also suffers from the immense increase in phishing. In March 2005, the amount of money lost in the UK was approximately £504 million GBP.^[11]

Anti-phishing

There are several different techniques to combat phishing, including legislation and technology created specifically to target phishing.

Social responses

One strategy for combating phishing is to train users how to deal with phishing attempts. One newer phishing tactic, which uses phishing emails targeted at a specific company, known as spear phishing, has been harnessed to train users at various locations, including West Point Military Academy. In a June 2004 experiment with spear phishing, 80% of 500 West Point cadets who were sent a fake e-mail were tricked into revealing personal information.^[12]

Technical responses

Several anti-phishing software programs are available. The programs work by identifying phishing contents on websites and emails; anti-phishing software may be integrated with web browsers and email clients as a toolbar that displays the real domain name for the visiting website. Spam filters also help protect users from phishers, because they reduce the number of phishing-related emails that users receive. There is also a solution that leverages a blend of psychology and technology to help prevent users from falling prey to phishing.

Many organizations, including Bank of America, have introduced a feature called challenge questions. Challenge questions ask the user for information, which would only be known to the user and the bank. Many sites have also added verification tools that allow users to see a secret image (a simple form of two-way authentication) that the user selected in advance; if the image does not appear, then the site is not legitimate.^[13]

The Anti-Phishing Working Group, an industry and law enforcement association, has noted that conventional phishing techniques could become obsolete in the future as people are increasingly aware of the social engineering techniques used by phishers.^[14] They propose that pharming and crimeware will become more common tools for stealing information.

Legislative and judicial responses

On January 26, 2004, the FTC (Federal Trade Commission) filed the first lawsuit against a suspected phisher. The defendant, a Californian teenager, allegedly created and used a webpage designed to look like the America Online website, so that he could steal credit card numbers^[15]. Europe and Brazil have both followed the lead of the U.S. by tracing and arresting phishers. In late March 2005, a 24-year-old Estonian man was arrested for using a Trojan horse, installed after victims visited his fake website, which used a keylogger that subsequently allowed him to monitor users' typing ^[16]. Likewise, authorities later arrested a phishing kingpin, Valdir Paulo de Almeida, for leading one of the largest phishing crime rings, which in 2 years stole between $18 and $37 million USD ^[17]. UK authorities jailed two men in June 2005 for their role in a phishing scam ^[18], in a case connected to the USSS Operation Firewall, which targeted notorious "carder" websites.

In the United States, Democrat Senator Patrick Leahy introduced the Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 on March 1, 2005. The federal anti-phishing bill proposes that those criminals who create fake web sites and spam bogus e-mails in order to defraud consumers could receive a fine up to $250,000 and receive jail terms of up to five years.^[19]

Microsoft has also joined the effort to crack down on phishing. On March 31, 2005, Microsoft filed 117 federal lawsuits in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington. The lawsuits accuse "John Doe" defendants of using various methods to obtain passwords and confidential information. Microsoft hope to use these lawsuits to uncover some of the largest phishing operators. March 2005 also saw Microsoft partner with the Australian government to teach law enforcement officials how to combat various cyber crimes, including phishing.^[20]

See also

• Anti-phishing software
• Pharming
• Social engineering
• Computer insecurity

References

External links

Phishing information

• Anti-Phishing Working Group - News about phishing.
• Bank Safe Online - Advice to UK consumers regarding phishing.
• Gallery of Phishing Messages - Examples claiming to come from banks, credit card companies, and auction houses.
• Know Your Enemy: Phishing - Case study from the Honeynet Project on detailed techniques of a couple of phishers.
• Phishing Scam Reports - MillerSmiles releases the latest phishing scams reported on the internet.
• Phishing Scam Links - Phishing Links.
• Trust Management for Humans - Explains the design flaw in the WWW that enables phishing.
• U. S. Banker | A Phish Story - February 2005 - Article about phishing.
• The economy of phishing - A survey of the operations of the phishing market.

Anti-phishing

• Online survey tool by MailFrontier - Measures ability of users to distinguish e-mail that is legitimate or "phish".
• Network Appliance, Inc. Phishing Survey 2004 (PDF) - Tools and tips of how to protect yourself from phishing.
• Windowsecurity - How to Avoid Phishing Scams.
• FTC - How Not to Get Hooked by a Phishing Scam.
• D. Ross Journal - Detecting and Fighting Phishing Attacks.

Legislation

• Duke Law & Technology Review - Plugging the "phishing" hole: legislation versus technology.

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