# Lebesgue measure

In mathematics, the Lebesgue measure, is the standard way of assigning a length, area or volume to subsets of Euclidean space. It is used throughout real analysis, in particular to define Lebesgue integration. Sets which can be assigned a volume are called Lebesgue measurable; the volume or measure of the Lebesgue measurable set A is denoted by λ(A). A Lebesgue measure of ∞ is possible, but even so, assuming the axiom of choice, not all subsets of Rn are Lebesgue measurable. The "strange" behavior of non-measurable sets gives rise to such statements as the Banach-Tarski paradox, a consequence of the axiom of choice.

## Examples

• If A is an interval [a, b], then its Lebesgue measure is the length ba. The open interval (a, b) has the same measure, since the difference between the two sets has measure zero.
• If A is the Cartesian product of intervals [a, b] and [c, d], then it is a rectangle and its Lebesgue measure is the area (ba)(dc).
• The Cantor set is an example of uncountable set that has the Lebesgue measure of zero.

## Properties

The Lebesgue measure on Rn has the following properties:

1. If A is a cartesian product of intervals I1 × I2 × ... × In, then A is Lebesgue measurable and ${\displaystyle \lambda (A)=|I_{1}|\cdot |I_{2}|\cdots |I_{n}|.}$ Here, |I| denotes the length of the interval I.
2. If A is a disjoint union of finitely many or countably many disjoint Lebesgue measurable sets, then A is itself Lebesgue measurable and λ(A) is equal to the sum (or infinite series) of the measures of the involved measurable sets.
3. If A is Lebesgue measurable, then so is its complement.
4. λ(A) ≥ 0 for every Lebesgue measurable set A.
5. If A and B are Lebesgue measurable and A is a subset of B, then λ(A) ≤ λ(B). (A consequence of 2, 3 and 4.)
6. Countable unions and intersections of Lebesgue measurable sets are Lebesgue measurable. (A consequence of 2 and 3.)
7. If A is an open or closed subset of Rn (see metric space), then A is Lebesgue measurable.
8. If A is a Lebesgue measurable set with λ(A) = 0 (a null set), then every subset of A is also a null set.
9. If A is Lebesgue measurable and x is an element of Rn, then the translation of A by x, defined by A + x = {a + x : aA}, is also Lebesgue measurable and has the same measure as A.

All the above may be succinctly summarized as follows:

The Lebesgue measurable sets form a σ-algebra containing all products of intervals, and λ is the unique complete translation-invariant measure on that σ-algebra with ${\displaystyle \lambda ([0,1]\times [0,1]\times \cdots \times [0,1])=1.}$

The Lebesgue measure also has the property of being σ-finite.

## Null sets

A subset of Rn is a null set if, for every ε > 0, it can be covered with countably many products of n intervals whose total volume is at most ε. All countable sets are null sets, and so are sets in Rn whose dimension is smaller than n, for instance straight lines or circles in R2.

In order to show that a given set A is Lebesgue measurable, one usually tries to find a "nicer" set B which differs from A only by a null set (in the sense that the symmetric difference (AB) ∪ (BA) is a null set) and then shows that B can be generated using countable unions and intersections from open or closed sets.

## Construction of the Lebesgue measure

The modern construction of the Lebesgue measure, based on outer measures, is due to Carathéodory. It proceeds as follows:

For any subset B of Rn, we can define

${\displaystyle \lambda ^{*}(B)=\inf\{\operatorname {vol} (M):M\supseteq B,{\mbox{and }}M{\mbox{ is a countable union of products of intervals}}\}.}$

Here, vol(M) is sum of the product of the lengths of the involved intervals. We then define the set A to be Lebesgue measurable if

${\displaystyle \lambda ^{*}(B)=\lambda ^{*}(A\cap B)+\lambda ^{*}(B-A)}$

for all sets B. These Lebesgue measurable sets form a σ-algebra, and the Lebesgue measure is defined by λ(A) = λ*(A) for any Lebesgue measurable set A.

According to the Vitali theorem there exists a subset of the real numbers R that is not Lebesgue measurable.

## Relation to other measures

The Borel measure agrees with the Lebesgue measure on those sets for which it is defined; however, there are many more Lebesgue-measurable sets than there are Borel measurable sets. The Borel measure is translation-invariant, but not complete.

The Haar measure can be defined on any locally compact group and is a generalization of the Lebesgue measure (Rn with addition is a locally compact group).

The Hausdorff measure (see Hausdorff dimension) is a generalization of the Lebesgue measure that is useful for measuring the sets of Rn of lower dimensions than n, like submanifolds, for example, surfaces or curves in R3 and fractal sets.

## History

Henri Lebesgue described his measure in 1901, followed the next year by his description of the Lebesgue integral. Both were published as part of his dissertation in 1902.